Everyone can see that Vietnamese Zen has played a significant role in the history of Vietnam in all aspects, especially in Vietnamese Buddhism. How exactly did this transpire? Some have said that after being transmitted from China to Vietnam, the Zen doctrine has blended into the Vietnamese culture, being constantly accompanied by the Vietnamese people, becoming a uniquely Vietnamese Zen.

According to Prof. Le Manh That in his studies of the book Thiền Uyển Tập Anh (A Collection of Outstanding Figures of the Zen Garden), before arriving in China, Buddhism had spread in the second or third century CE from India to Vietnam. During this time, the two best known Buddhist Masters were Mau Tu and Khuong Tang Hoi.

In the sixth century, Chinese Zen was introduced into Vietnam by the Zen Master Tỳ Ni Đa Lưu Chi (Vinītaruci), a native South Indian and a student of the Third Chinese Patriarch Tăng Xán (Sengcan). This Zen sect lasted nineteen generations. Their students studied and practiced mostly in accordance with the scriptures of Northern Buddhism, the Six Paramitas, the Prajna Wisdom, and the meditation of contemplating the Buddha's mind-seal.

In the eighth century, the Zen Master Vô Ngôn Thông (Wu Yantong), a student of Bách Trượng Hoài Hải (Baizhang Huaihai), came to Vietnam and introduced the Zen tradition inherited from the sixth Chinese Zen Patriarch Huệ Năng (Hui Neng) that emphasized the ideas of sudden enlightenment and mind-to-mind transmission. This Zen sect lasted fifteen generations.

In the 11th century, the Vân Môn Zen sect (Unmon Zen) was brought into Vietnam by the Zen Master Thảo Đường, a student of Tuyết Đậu Trùng Hiển (Xuedou Chongxian). Thảo Đường, who had traveled from China to Chiêm Thành (Champa) to introduce Zen, was captured as a prisoner of war by Vietnamese soldiers in the war between Vietnam and Champa, only being released after the war. After establishing the Thảo Đường Zen school in Trấn Quốc Temple, Thảo Đường was consecrated by King Lý Thánh Tông as the Kingdom's Supreme Master. Arguing that Buddhism should cherish Confucianism, literature and academic achievement, the Thảo Đường Zen School became fondly acquainted with the era’s scholars and nobility. Ultimately, the Thảo Đường Zen School greatly influenced the Buddhist landscape in the Trần Dynasty.

In the 13th century during Trần Dynasty, King Trần Nhân Tông studied Zen under the guidance of Tuệ Trung Thượng Sĩ, who was considered an enlightened person. Years later, King Trần Nhân Tông voluntarily relinquished the throne to his son, and went forth as a monk named Trúc Lâm Đầu Đà. He then established Trúc Lâm Zen, a meditation school that blended Vietnamese culture with socially engaged spirituality. Thus, Trúc Lâm Zen inherited and combined the ideas of the three previous Zen schools ---  Tì Ni Đa Lưu Chi, Vô Ngôn Thông, and Thảo Đường. The most important three patriarchs of Trúc Lâm Zen were Trần Nhân Tông, Pháp Loa, and Huyền Quang.

In the 17th century, the Tào Động Zen (Japanese: Soto School; Chinese: Caodong School) was brought to North Vietnam by the Zen Master Thông Giác Thủy Nguyệt. Prior to this, he had traveled from Vietnam to China to study with the Zen Master Nhất Cú Trí Giáo for six years,  becoming a dharma heir of the Chinese Tào Động Zen in the process. The main practice of this Zen school was Thiền Mặc Chiếu (the Silent Illumination Meditation) through which the practitioners could attain enlightenment. Also in this century, the Chinese Zen Master Thạch Liêm, a 29th-generation Dharma successor of Caodong School, came to Central Vietnam, taught Zen meditation that mixed with the Huatou practice of the Lâm Tế School (Japanese: Rinzai School), and declared that "the three teachings (Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism) are harmonious as one."

Also in the 17th century, the Chinese Zen Master Chuyết Chuyết came to North Vietnam and introduced the Lâm Tế Zen School, which later had a dharma successor named Chân Nguyên, who revived the Trúc Lâm Zen School.

Due to frequent conflicts and wars, the Vietnamese people constantly wished for peace and stability. The two Zen schools above gradually intertwined with the Pure Land School, and their monastics later practiced both meditation and chanting the Buddha's name.

Nowadays, the Zen Master Thích Thanh Từ (b. 1924) has led the effort to revive the spirit of Trúc Lâm Zen,  built dozens of Zen monasteries, and adapted the teaching methods of the Zen Master Khuê Phong Tông Mật (Guifeng Zongmi) for his followers who try to recognize the mind's empty and luminous nature, and practice in accord with that recognition. Thus, these practitioners study the scriptures and ancient Zen records, constantly keep their mind out of any false thought and meditate as instructed in Lục Diệu Pháp Môn (the Six Wonderful Ways).

Recently the Zen Master Thích Duy Lực (1923 - 2000) --- a dharma successor of Ven. Thích Hoằng Tu, who came from China to South Vietnam to introduce the Thiền Tào Động (Caodong Chan) as a branch founded by the Zen Master Vĩnh Giác Nguyên Hiền (1578-1657) --- taught his followers Thiền Khán Thoại Đầu (Huatow Meditation), a method of Lâm Tế School, now a popular  method in South Vietnam.

The summary above shows that several branches of Zen Buddhism (i.e., Tì Ni Đa Lưu Chi, Vô Ngôn Thông, Thảo Đường, Tào Động, and Lâm Tế) spread to Vietnam from overseas, three of which blended into the Vietnamese culture to become Trúc Lâm Zen. A question should be raised: what is the Way of Zen in Vietnam? Should there be one or many answers? Should the answer be a wordless gesture? Who has the authority to answer those questions?

The author of this book tries to answer these questions via poems and verses of the Zen masters who laid the foundation for the Zen practices in Vietnam. He hopes to provide a generally correct view of the Way of Zen in Vietnam.

This bilingual book in English and Vietnamese is a collection of 95 poems and verses which were translated into modern Vietnamese by the Zen Master Thích Thanh Từ, Prof. Lê Mạnh Thát, and the researcher Trần Đình Sơn. This collection was then translated into English by the author Nguyên Giác, whose commentaries are provided below the translations. The 95th piece, a long verse by King Trần Nhân Tông (who was the founder of the Trúc Lâm Zen School), shows the practice methods of this Zen school --- from which the last four lines is a famous poem that is learned by most Buddhists, scholars, and writers in Vietnam. 

It is an honor to write the preface to this book, which would help those who want to understand the Way of Zen in Vietnam.

Ananda Viet Foundation Publisher | Tâm Diệu